“Transmission of Infectious Disease and How It Can Be Prevented”
This assignment describes the different infectious diseases that transmit person to person. First thing what is an infectious disease? These are diseases caused by microorganisms. The microorganisms are viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. These diseases are transmitting through different channels such as from the environment, insect bites, infected person, or animal contact. These are also transmitting in human by the consumption of contaminated food. Different signs and symptoms of these infectious diseases depend upon the organisms. In life-threatening infections, a person needs hospitalization while mild infection responds to home remedies and rest. The usual symptoms of infectious disease are diarrhoea, fever, coughing, muscles aches and fatigue. As shown in figure 1. There are different risks factors associated with infectious diseases. Furthermore, infectious diseases spread in the body when the immune system does not respond against pathogens. It causes if a person is infected with HIV/AIDS, when a person take medications or steroids which suppress the immune system and different types of disorders or cancers which affect the immune system badly (Eckhardt et al., 2020).
As work in the international charity organization to support the people who suffer from the effects of natural disaster, armed conflicts or epidemics. The charity has long-term projects to tackle global issues. As a volunteer, to collect the information for the people how to prevent infectious disease. There are different types of infectious diseases in which Diphtheria, coronavirus, Ebola, Flu (influenza), HIV/AIDS, chickenpox, common cold, influenza (FLU) and many more.
Infectious diseases transmission
Infectious diseases can be transmitted through different contacts in which direct contact and in-direct contact.
Direct contact
Infectious diseases spread through different contacts. In-person to person contact, the pathogens transmit through touch exchange of body fluid. However, sexually transmitted diseases can also be transmitted in this way. In newborn children or unborn can also get the disease through the placenta. Although, gonorrhoea is an example of direct contact disease because it transmits in children during childbirth. The droplets of pathogens are also direct contact disease which occurs during sneezing and coughing. These droplets also spread in another person through speaking. Also, droplets fall in the ground in a few feet and reason of different infections (Jones and Brosseau, 2015).
Indirect contact
Infectious disease can be spread through different in-direct contact contaminated objects or aerosols. In the airborne transmission, infectious agents suspend for a longer period in air. Furthermore, tuberculosis, chickenpox and measles are examples of aerosol diseases. The contaminated objects also transmit the disease. These are usually present in the daily use products. Pathogens can also spread through medical supplies and blood products. From the drinking and eating of contaminated water and food pathogens enter into the human body or undercooked meat. The clostridium botulinum is also an example of contaminated food disease which leads towards botulism. The animal to person contact, infectious diseases can transmit due to the bite of an infected animal or when handling contaminated waste of animal (Tellier et al., 2019).
Moreover, another type of indirect contact diseases is due to the animal reservoir. Disease transmit animal to animal and these transmission transfer to humans. This is also called zoonosis. Rabies (from other mammals), plague (from rodents), anthrax (from sheep) and West Nile virus (from birds) these diseases transmitted from animal to human. Furthermore, insect bites or vector-borne disease also type of indirect contact diseases. When ticks, flies and mosquitos infect human because sometimes they carry disease. The examples are Lyme disease, West Nile disease and Malaria. The environmental reservoir also another type of indirect contact diseases. Vegetation, water and soil have infectious organisms that transferred into people.
How to prevent the spread of infectious diseases?
According to Proctor (2015), to combat the spread of infectious diseases some different essential methods or steps need to follow everyone to prevent these diseases. To decreases the risks of infectious diseases are:
1) Wash your hands. This is especially needed before and after preparation of food, after the use of toilet and when back to home.
2) Get vaccinated, vaccinated by vaccines up-to-date because it enhances the immunization in the body.
3) When you feel signs and symptoms of any infection. Don’t go anywhere because it causes the transmission of diseases to anyone.
4) Use of antibiotics by the recommendation of a doctor. When you feel better then complete the course of medicines.
5) When preparing food be careful of cleanliness. Do not leave cooked food for a longer period at room temperature.
6) Disinfect the washroom and kitchen because they contain the most of pathogens.
7) Do practices of safer sex.
8) When you feel ill. Don't travel because it infects other people. Take precautions when travel.
9) In public health law, to minimize the infectious disease chances with the legal power that varies according to diseases seriousness.
10) Prevention of infectious disease improved by the access of contraceptives and vaccination with the facilitation of education, counselling and screening of infected people.
11) According to public health law, it interferes the movement freedom, it right to control the property and privacy of person' health transparently and ethically.
12) Immunization is important for individual health this is successful. Government supports the vaccinations to ensure the health of an individual.
13) The law of health to improve the voluntary screening programme in which to ensure the results test confidentiality, counselling requirements and protect the health of individuals from discrimination.
14) The transmission of communicable and infectious disease government should implement the appropriate law to prevent these diseases. To encourage the responsibility of person and self-protection which is an important part where the HIV infection rates are so high.
15) The health of public law authorizes the treatment of company when individual unable to get treatment consent and risk behaviour creates the risk of transmission of different pathogenic infectious diseases. Therefore, treatment orders restrict the personal liberty to expand it for the reduction of risk factors. 16) According to public health law, the vaccinations are cost-effective and more successful than any other antibiotics. Because the effects of vaccination present in the body for a longer period. There is also less risk associated with the vaccination for infectious diseases. 17) It is also necessary that the law of public health authorizes the individual's isolation who exposed to infectious diseases. This exercise should happen based on the public health law under considerations, in which without the discrimination of gender, age, and any other inappropriate criteria. The health law provides the proper compensation who faced the economic crisis or affect the facilities.
Types of Intervention
Infectious diseases, intervention classified into main categories. The preventive intervention in which mitigate the risk of pathogens transmission. The other is a therapeutic intervention to treat the effects of the disease or reduce the morbidity or disability associated with the diseases. The preventive intervention has vaccines; it evokes the immune system of the body by cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity. Nutritional intervention, neonatal and maternal intervention are also considered as preventive interventions along with educational and behavioural change, vector and host control and injury prevention. In therapeutic intervention, treatment of infectious diseases, radiation and surgical treatment, control of chronic infections and health system interventions are used (Smith et al., 2015).
Role of a National and International organization to the transmission of infectious disease
According to the study of Knobler (2006), the public health globalization produces the challenges to fight with infectious diseases to engage them in International Corporation. To face these challenges in the transmission of infectious diseases by the horizontal and vertical method. In the horizontal method to, pathogenic microbes transmit across the borders. Therefore, policy challenges are required to stop the transmission of infectious diseases. However, in the vertical method, a system of public health requires to reduce the prevalence of the infectious disease in the country. The principles of international agencies for infectious disease are: to implement the mechanism for epidemiologic surveillance, use of law to stop the transmission of infectious disease, the cooperation of law on different health matters, promotions of health law for public and use the strategies to primary care services on health. Figure 5 describes the international law for infectious disease by horizontal and vertical strategies.
Conclusion
The above assignment described the infectious diseases, its sign and symptoms, and mode of transmission. There are different types of intervention methods preventive and therapeutic intervention to control the spread of pathogens. There are different methods has been identified in the above discussion. But, vaccination is helpful to control the infectious agents in early age. To prevent the spread of infectious agents’ different methods and strategies has been described above.
References
Eckhardt, M., Hultquist, J.F., Kaake, R.M., Hüttenhain, R. and Krogan, N.J., 2020. A systems approach to infectious disease. Nature Reviews Genetics, 21(6), pp.339-354.
Jones, R.M. and Brosseau, L.M., 2015. Aerosol transmission of infectious disease. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 57(5), pp.501-508.
Knobler, S., Mahmoud, A., Lemon, S. and Pray, L., 2006. International Law, Infectious Diseases, and Globalization. In The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press (US).
Lee, M.R., Sheng, W.H., Hung, C.C., Yu, C.J., Lee, L.N. and Hsueh, P.R., 2015. Mycobacterium abscessus complex infections in humans. Emerging infectious diseases, 21(9), p.1638.
Luis, A.D., Kuenzi, A.J. and Mills, J.N., 2018. Species diversity concurrently dilutes and amplifies transmission in a zoonotic host–pathogen system through competing mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(31), pp.7979-7984.
Proctor, J.L. and Eckhoff, P.A., 2015. Discovering dynamic patterns from infectious disease data using dynamic mode decomposition. International health, 7(2), pp.139-145.
Smith, P.G., Morrow, R.H. and Ross, D.A., 2015. Types of intervention and their development. In Field Trials of Health Interventions: A Toolbox. 3rd edition. OUP Oxford.
Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B.J. and Tang, J.W., 2019. Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC infectious diseases, 19(1), pp.1-9.
